<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="5000" height="3334" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/KL7PJSUB3BIZ3L2PC77XZFTHJ4.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-617503"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Delegates attend a hearing at the International Court of Justice for a case brought by Sudan to the World Court demanding emergency measures against the UAE and accusing the Gulf state of violating obligations under the Genocide Convention by arming paramilitary forces, in The Hague, Netherlands, April 10, 2025. REUTERS/Piroschka van de Wouw/File Photo</figcaption></figure>



THE HAGUE, May 5 (Reuters)&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;The International Court of Justice (ICJ) on Monday dismissed Sudan&#8217;s case accusing the United Arab Emirates of fueling genocide in Darfur by supplying weapons to paramilitary forces, saying it lacked jurisdiction.



Sudan had argued before the U.N.&#8217;s top court last month that the UAE was violating the Genocide Convention by supporting paramilitary forces in Darfur, but the UAE said the case should be thrown out.



The court on Monday agreed with the UAE&#8217;s arguments, rejected Sudan&#8217;s request for emergency measures and ordered the case be removed from its docket.



Due to the lack of jurisdiction &#8220;the court is precluded by its statute from taking any position on the merits of the claims made by Sudan,&#8221; a summary of the ruling said.



The UAE hailed it as a legal victory.



&#8220;This decision is a clear and decisive affirmation of the fact that this case was utterly baseless. The court’s finding that it is without jurisdiction confirms that this case should never have been brought,&#8221; Reem Ketait, deputy assistant minister for political affairs at the UAE&#8217;s Ministry of Foreign Affairs said in a statement.



&#8220;The facts speak for themselves: the UAE bears no responsibility for the conflict in Sudan. On the contrary, the atrocities committed by the warring parties are well-documented.&#8221;



By a vote of 14-to-two, the court threw out Sudan&#8217;s request for emergency measures to prevent genocidal acts against the Masalit tribe, which has been the focus of intense ethnic-based attacks by the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces and allied Arab militias.



Sudan accuses the UAE of arming the RSF, which has been fighting the Sudanese army in a two-year-old civil war. The UAE denies the charge but some U.N. experts and U.S. lawmakers have found it credible.



The ICJ is the U.N.&#8217;s highest court that deals with disputes between states and violations of international treaties. Sudan and the UAE are both signatories of the 1948 Genocide Convention.



(Reporting by Benoit Van Overstraeten and Anthony Deutsch. Editing by Gareth Jones and Mark Potter)

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World court dismisses Sudan’s genocide case against UAE over alleged Darfur interference

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="4931" height="3078" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ZDTAXS54SNPKXI5JFDUILKDUHI.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-602896"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Internally displaced people from Khartoum gather at their shelter in an IDP camp in Um Durain county, Nuba Mountains, South Kordofan, Sudan June 21, 2024. REUTERS/Thomas Mukoya/SUDAN/File Photo</figcaption></figure>



KHARTOUM, March 28 (Reuters) &#8211; Residents of Sudan&#8217;s Tuti island at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile have emerged from paramilitary control to speak of hardships suffered and relief that their oppressors have been driven away.



They say Sudan&#8217;s Rapid Support Forces, who have been forced by the army off the island between the capital Khartoum and its twin city Omdurman, would block people from medical treatment, jail others and extort inhabitants.



&#8220;I suffered from severe urinary retention,&#8221; recalled elderly islander Omar al-Hassan, saying an RSF member stopped him from crossing a bridge to see doctors.



&#8220;He claimed our papers were incomplete, but we had all the necessary documents. He just wanted money.&#8221;



The RSF, whose war with the army erupted in April 2023 and which still controls swathes of west Sudan, did not respond to a request for comment by Reuters. The RSF has either denied it violates human rights or said it would hold perpetrators to account, while accusing the army of widespread abuses.



The U.N. accuses both sides in the civil war of abuses that may amount to war crimes.



Tuti island, with its green landscape overlooking the majestic Nile waters, was once one of Sudan&#8217;s most soothing spots, offering relaxation in a nation with a long history of war.



Its population of about 10,000 could relax on beaches near lemon trees swaying in the breeze. People would also pass time at coffee shops, puffing on water pipes, perhaps discussing Sudan&#8217;s complex, combustible politics.



That was before the conflict between the army and RSF &#8211; once partners in a coup that toppled veteran autocrat Omar Hassan al-Bashir &#8211; erupted and ravaged Sudan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tuti-is-free">&#8216;TUTI IS FREE&#8217;</h2>



Now, in a microcosm of the war&#8217;s devastation, Tuti&#8217;s close-knit farming community are at risk of famine and have been ravaged by dengue fever.



Sudan&#8217;s military, headed by career army officer Abdel Fattah al-Burhan claimed control of Khartoum, including Tuti island, this week.



“We conducted a thorough and comprehensive cleanup of all areas of the island &#8230; We tell the people to return and come back,&#8221; said soldier Al-Tahir al-Tayeb.



&#8220;We will only take our rights by this,&#8221; he added, tapping on his gun. &#8220;We say to them, Tuti is free, and God is great.&#8221;



Nearby, a woman walked by a shop surveying destruction as people lingered at a mosque.



RSF leader Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemedti, rose from lowly beginnings to head a widely feared Arab militia that crushed a revolt in Darfur, winning him influence and eventually a role as the country&#8217;s second most powerful man, and one of its richest, as an enforcer for Bashir.



The RSF, menacing young men armed with rocket-propelled grenades and machine-guns mounted on trucks, mastered desert warfare in the Darfur region but lack the discipline of the regular army.



That was clear on Tuti island, said resident Abdul Fattah Abdullah, describing how RSF men followed him on four motorcycles and grabbed him as he was carrying vegetables from a market.



The next 20 days, locked up in a small room with 32 army officers, were the hardest in his whole life, he complained. It did not end there. RSF fighters demanded the equivalent of $400, he said.



&#8220;They harassed people, demanding either their gold or their money. May God punish them,&#8221; said Abdullah.



(Writing by Michael Georgy; Editing by Andrew Cawthorne)

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Sudanese on Nile island in capital recount paramilitary repression

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="3605" height="2572" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/57G3VEKNUJPP3CRC4HB3EXGSLY.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-602039"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A satellite images shows the presidential palace, in Khartoum, Sudan, March 21, 2025. Maxar Technologies/Handout via REUTERS/File Photo</figcaption></figure>



DUBAI, March 26 (Reuters)&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;The Sudanese army is encircling Khartoum airport, two military sources told Reuters on Wednesday, as it battles to oust its rival Rapid Support Forces from a last foothold in the capital, though the war looks far from over.



The army seized the presidential palace in downtown Khartoum after fighting on Friday, an important symbolic advance after two years of a conflict that is splitting the massive country into rival zones of control.



On Wednesday, the army said it had gained control of Tiba al-Hassanab camp south of the capital, which it described as the RSF&#8217;s last base in central Sudan and last stronghold in Khartoum State.



The military sources said the army was encircling the airport, which is located in the city centre, and surrounding areas. Witnesses said the RSF had focused its troops in southern Khartoum, apparently to secure their withdrawal from the city via bridges to the neighbouring city of Omdurman.



Recent army gains in central Sudan, retaking districts of the capital and other territory, come as the RSF has consolidated its control in the west, hardening battle lines and threatening to move the country towards a de facto partition.



The war, which erupted two years ago as the country was attempting a democratic transition, has caused what the U.N. calls the world&#8217;s largest humanitarian crisis, with famine in several areas as well as outbreaks of disease.



It has driven 12.5 million people from their homes, many of them seeking refuge in neighbouring countries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eruption-of-warfare">ERUPTION OF WARFARE</h2>



The army and RSF had at one point been in a fragile partnership together, jointly staging a coup in 2021 that derailed the transition from the Islamist rule of Omar al-Bashir, a longtime autocrat who was ousted in 2019.



They had also fought on the same side for years in the western state of Darfur under Bashir&#8217;s government.



The RSF, under Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, better known as Hemedti, developed from Darfur&#8217;s janjaweed militias and Bashir developed the group as a counterweight to the army, led by career officer Abdel Fattah al-Burhan.



After they seized power together in 2021, the two sides clashed over an internationally backed plan aimed at launching a new transition with civilian parties that would require them both to cede powers.



Major points of dispute included a timetable for the RSF to integrate into the regular armed forces, the chain of command between army and RSF leaders, and the question of civilian oversight.



When fighting broke out, Sudan&#8217;s army had better resources including air power. However, the RSF was more deeply embedded in neighbourhoods across Khartoum and was able to hold much of the capital in an initial, devastating burst of warfare.



The RSF also made rapid advances to gain control of its main stronghold of Darfur and over El Gezira state, south of Khartoum, a big farming area.



With the army now re-establishing its position in the capital, it is making a new push to cement its control in the centre of Sudan.



(Reporting by Khalid Abdulaziz and Tala Ramadan; Writing by Jana Choukeir and Angus McDowall; Editing by Toby Chopra, Frances Kerry and Alex Richardson)

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Sudan army surrounds Khartoum airport, sources say, in battle for capital

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="3534" height="2160" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ZIIXQ6OSDZNIDMT4XSSBJ756JM.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-601515"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Members of the M23 rebel group stand guard as people attend a rally addressed by Corneille Nangaa, Congolese rebel leader and coordinator of the AFC-M23 movement, in Bukavu, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo February 27, 2025. REUTERS/File Photo</figcaption></figure>



NAIROBI, March 25 (Reuters)&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;The political blocs of Southern and Eastern Africa have expanded the mediation team for negotiating an end to the Rwanda-backed M23 rebel offensive in eastern Congo, at a heads of state meeting on Monday that Rwanda described as fruitful.



Diplomatic efforts to resolve eastern Congo&#8217;s biggest conflict in decades appeared to have stalled last week when the M23 failed to attend peace talks with the Congolese government in Angola, and later captured the strategic town of Walikale.



The violence, rooted in the long fallout from the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and competition for control of mineral riches, has led to rebel control of eastern Congo&#8217;s two largest cities, thousands of deaths and fears of a wider regional war.



The Southern and Eastern Africa blocs appointed five former heads of state, including Nigeria&#8217;s Olusegun Obasanjo, South Africa&#8217;s Kgalema Motlanthe and Ethiopia&#8217;s Sahle-Work Zewde to &#8220;facilitate&#8221; the peace process, they said in a statement early on Tuesday.



Congo&#8217;s presidency said on X the new panel would appoint a mediator to replace the president of Angola, who withdrew on Monday following years of faltering efforts to ease tensions between Rwanda and Congo.



Rwanda&#8217;s government, which is facing sanctions and had some aid suspended over its reported provision of arms and troops to M23, said on X the leaders attending Monday&#8217;s summit &#8220;committed to a political solution that addresses the security concerns of all parties.&#8221;



Congo accuses M23 of being a Rwandan proxy. Rwanda denies involvement, but also says its forces are acting in self defence against Congo&#8217;s army and militias hostile to Kigali.



The Angolan government expressed frustration last week about a surprise meeting arranged by Qatar&#8217;s emir between Congo President Felix Tshisekedi and his Rwandan counterpart Paul Kagame, the first face-to-face meeting between the two men since the conflict escalated towards the end of last year.



Tshisekedi and Kagame issued a joint statement along with Qatar that called for an &#8220;immediate and unconditional&#8221; ceasefire, but which failed to halt the violence.



M23 withdrew from what could have been its first direct negotiations with Kinshasa last week after the European Union imposed sanctions against rebel and Rwandan officials.



(Reporting by Congo Newsroom; Writing by Hereward Holland; Editing by Kim Coghill)

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African blocs expand mediation team for Congo conflict

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="547" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/GettyImages-1760572068-820x547.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-586376" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/GettyImages-1760572068-820x547.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/GettyImages-1760572068-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/GettyImages-1760572068-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/GettyImages-1760572068-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/GettyImages-1760572068-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/GettyImages-1760572068-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Cyril Ramaphosa, South Africa&#8217;s president, speaks at the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) forum in Johannesburg, South Africa, on Friday, Nov. 3, 2023. The US aims to ensure that its preferential trade pact with Africa is replaced without interruption when it expires in two-year&#8217;s time, while bringing it up to date. Photographer: Leon Sadiki/Bloomberg via Getty Images</figcaption></figure>



Four U.S. congressmen have asked President Donald Trump to revoke South Africa’s access to the U.S. market through the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) as well as consider breaking diplomatic relations, accusing it of undermining American interests globally.



In a letter dated February 11, 2025 Republican congressmen Andrew Ogles, Tom Tiffany, Joe Wilson and Don Bacon said South Africa had a vendetta against Israel, was allegedly committing human rights violations and was friendly with China’s Community Party.



“…we urge you to revoke South Africa’s preference benefits under the African Growth and Opportunity Act,’’ the letter signed by the four congressmen says. “We would also suggest that you consider suspending diplomatic ties unless that government is prepared to engage constructively with our own.”



President Trump, backed by Tesla CEO Elon Musk, has falsely accused the South African government of mistreating Afrikaners and white farmers as it tries to reform land ownership in a country where they own more than three quarters of the land although they make up less than 10 percent of the population. No farm has been forcibly taken in South Africa since democracy began in 1994.



South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, who heads a 10-member government of national unity, has said he will send ministers to address the U.S. concerns but has insisted that South Africa &#8220;will not be bullied.&#8221; The U.S. has been unhappy that South Africa took Israel to the International Court of Justice, accusing it of genocide over a military offensive in Gaza where tens of thousands have been killed. Israel has denied the charge, saying it defended itself after Hamas attacked it on Oct. 7, 2023.



“South Africa is simply not deserving of duty free access to the American market,” the letter says, citing South African moves to force the relocation of Taiwan’s liaison office from the capital Pretoria. “Pretoria’s continued insistence on undermining America’s security and foreign policy interests are similarly disqualifying under the eligibility requirements.”



South Africa is a member of the BRICS nations, which groups China, Russia, India and Brazil and has as one its goals, the replacement of the U.S. dollar in commercial transactions.

The African Growth and Opportunity Act Forum

U.S. Congressmen Demand President Trump revoke South Africa’s AGOA membership, break ties

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="5000" height="3333" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/J7ZZIHSEAFKQJBMLXDXRGA7KCQ.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-580859"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">U.S. President Donald Trump signs executive orders in the Oval Office at the White House in Washington, U.S., January 30, 2025. REUTERS/Elizabeth Frantz</figcaption></figure>



Jan 30 (Reuters)&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;President Donald Trump on Thursday warned off BRICS member countries from replacing the U.S. dollar as a reserve currency by repeating a 100%-tariffs threat he had made weeks after winning the November presidential elections.



&#8220;We are going to require a commitment from these seemingly hostile Countries that they will neither create a new BRICS Currency, nor back any other Currency to replace the mighty U.S. Dollar or, they will face 100% Tariffs,&#8221; Trump said on Truth Social in a statement nearly identical to one he posted on Nov. 30.



At the time, Russia said that any U.S. attempt to compel countries to use the dollar would backfire.



The BRICS grouping includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa and a few other countries that joined in the past couple of year. The grouping does not have a common currency, but long-running discussions on the subject have gained some momentum after the West imposed sanctions on Russia over the war in Ukraine.



&#8220;There is no chance that BRICS will replace the U.S. Dollar in International Trade, or anywhere else, and any Country that tries should say hello to Tariffs, and goodbye to America!,&#8221; he said.



Trump posted his warning to the BRICS as Canada and Mexico await for his decision to follow through on a pledge to impose 25% tariffs on the United States&#8217; North American trading partner from Feb. 1.



Trump wants to use tariffs as a tool to get Mexico and Canada to help stem the flow of illegal drugs into the United States, particularly the deadly opioid fentanyl, and also migrants crossing illegally into the U.S.



Dollar dominance — the outsized role of the U.S. dollar in the world economy — has strengthened of late, thanks to the robust U.S. economy, tighter monetary policy and heightened geopolitical risks, even as economic fragmentation has boosted a push by BRICS countries to shift away from the dollar into other currencies.



A study by the Atlantic Council&#8217;s GeoEconomics Center last year showed that the U.S. dollar remains the world&#8217;s primary reserve currency, and neither the euro nor the so-called BRICS countries have been able to reduce global reliance on the dollar.



The acronym BRIC, which did not initially include South Africa, was coined in 2001 by then Goldman Sachs chief economist Jim O&#8217;Neill in a research paper that underlined the growth potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China.



The bloc was founded as an informal club in 2009 to provide a platform for its members to challenge a world order dominated by the United States and its Western allies. South Africa was the first beneficiary of an expansion of the bloc in 2010 when the grouping became known as BRICS.



The group added Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates in 2023, and Indonesia became member earlier this month.



(Reporting by Kanishka Singh and Ismail Shakil; Editing by Sandra Maler and Michael Perry)

J7ZZIHSEAFKQJBMLXDXRGA7KCQ

Trump repeats tariffs threat to dissuade BRICS nations from replacing US dollar

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="4372" height="2922" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KEDTHZFAYBM77J7WBYLECY5O4E.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-580466"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Members of the M23 rebel group gather at their position amid fighting between them and the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC), in Goma, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, January 29, 2025. REUTERS/Stringer</figcaption></figure>



LONDON, Jan 30 (Reuters) &#8211; Britain has warned Rwanda that its involvement in an escalating conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo could jeopardise the over $1 billion of aid it receives every year.



Rwanda-backed M23 rebels captured Goma, a city of 2 million people in the DRC, on Monday, ignoring widespread calls for them to halt their offensive and enact a ceasefire. They extended their advance on Wednesday.



Rwandan forces backed up M23 in Goma, according to Congo, the United States and other Western powers. Rwanda has denied its involvement.



British foreign minister David Lammy told parliament on Tuesday Rwanda received over 1 billion dollars in global aid every year, including around 32 million pounds ($39.80 million) of bilateral UK assistance but &#8220;all of that is under threat when you attack your neighbours&#8221;.



&#8220;We in this House are clear that we cannot have countries challenging the territorial integrity of other countries,&#8221; Lammy said. &#8220;Just as we will not tolerate it in the continent of Europe, we cannot tolerate it wherever in the world it happens.&#8221;



&#8220;We have to be clear about that,&#8221; Lammy added.



This week&#8217;s events represent the gravest escalation of the decades-old conflict in eastern Congo since 2012. The hostilities are rooted in the spillover of Rwanda&#8217;s 1994 genocide into Congo and the struggle for control of Congo&#8217;s lucrative minerals.



($1 = 0.8040 pounds)



(Reporting by Catarina Demony; Editing by Saad Sayeed)

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UK warns Rwanda of threat to aid over its involvement in DRC conflict

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="3260" height="2173" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/7MYMOOPDYFJ6NMSH3YT5ODN52I.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-580094"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Rwanda&#8217;s President Paul Kagame addresses the delegates at the FIA General Assembly at the Kigali Convention Center, in Kigali, Rwanda December 13, 2024. REUTERS/Jean Bizimana/File Photo</figcaption></figure>



GOMA, Democratic Republic of Congo, Jan 29 (Reuters)&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;Rwanda&#8217;s President Paul Kagame said he agreed with the U.S. government on the need for a ceasefire in eastern Congo but gave no indication of bowing to calls for Rwandan troops and the M23 rebels they support to withdraw from Goma.



The rebels marched into Goma, the largest city in Congo&#8217;s east, on Monday in the worst escalation of a long-running conflict in more than a decade, leaving hospitals overwhelmed treating patients with gunshot, mortar and shrapnel wounds.



The U.S. urged the United Nations Security Council on Tuesday to consider unspecified measures to halt the rebel offensive, which has forced tens of thousands from their homes. The council has the authority to impose sanctions.



In Goma, the capital of Democratic Republic of Congo&#8217;s (DRC) North Kivu province, shops and houses had been looted but, after several days of intense fighting, the city was largely calm apart from some sporadic gunfire on Wednesday, residents said.



&#8220;Had a productive conversation with Secretary (of State Marco) Rubio on the need to ensure a ceasefire in Eastern DRC and address the root causes of the conflict once and for all,&#8221; Kagame wrote on X on Wednesday.



Rubio told Kagame that Washington was &#8220;deeply troubled&#8221; by the escalation in the three-decade conflict, which is rooted in the long fallout from the Rwandan genocide and the struggle for control of Congo&#8217;s mineral resources.



Congo and the head of U.N. peacekeeping have said Rwandan troops are present in Goma, backing up their M23 allies. Rwanda has said it is defending itself against the threat from Congolese militias, without directly commenting on whether its troops have crossed the border.



&#8220;The Secretary urged an immediate ceasefire in the region, and for all parties to respect sovereign territorial integrity,&#8221; the U.S. State Department said in a statement.



The Congolese and Rwandan army exchanged fire across their shared border on Monday, UN sources said, as the rebels tried to consolidate control of Goma, a gateway for the trade of valuable tin and tantalum ores, for the second time in 13 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sporadic-gunfire-looting">SPORADIC GUNFIRE, LOOTING</h2>



At a stadium in Goma on Tuesday, hundreds of unarmed government soldiers and militia fighters sat on the football pitch while others lined up in what the M23 fighters described as a disarmament process, according to an unverified video seen by Reuters.



&#8220;Sporadic explosions and gunfire are still heard in the outlying districts of Goma. Quiet night after the rebels took over the city centre but looting of businesses. Airport, internet, electricity and water cut off,&#8221; one resident said in a phone message.



M23 is the latest in a string of ethnic Tutsi-led, Rwandan-backed insurgencies that have roiled Congo since the aftermath of the genocide in Rwanda 30 years ago, when Hutu extremists killed Tutsis and moderate Hutus, and then were toppled by the Tutsi-led forces led by Kagame.



Rwanda says some of the ousted perpetrators have been sheltering in Congo since the genocide, forming militias with alliances with the Congolese government, and pose a threat to Congolese Tutsis and Rwanda itself.



Congo rejects Rwanda&#8217;s complaints, and says Rwanda has used its proxy militias to control and loot lucrative minerals such as coltan, which is used in smartphones.



In the Congolese capital Kinshasa, 1,600 km (1,000 miles) west of Goma, protesters attacked a U.N. compound and embassies including those of Rwanda, France and the United States on Tuesday, angered at what they said was foreign interference.



(Reporting by Congo newsroom; Writing by Hereward Holland, Editing by Raju Gopalakrishnan)

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Rwanda’s Kagame says he agrees with US on need for ceasefire in Congo

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="5000" height="3335" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/7WPZDEJJ4VPPJOVLSDZQJHV4X4.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-580077"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Marco Rubio speaks after he is sworn in as Secretary of State by U.S. Vice President JD Vance at the Eisenhower Executive Office Building in Washington, U.S., January 21, 2025. REUTERS/Kevin Lamarque/File Photo </figcaption></figure>



WASHINGTON, Jan 28 (Reuters)&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio told Rwandan President Paul Kagame on Tuesday that Washington was &#8220;deeply troubled&#8221; by escalation in the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, particularly the fall of the city of Goma to Rwandan-backed rebels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-it-s-important">WHY IT&#8217;S IMPORTANT</h2>



The call came as the United States urged the United Nations Security Council on Tuesday to consider measures to halt an offensive by Rwandan troops and M23 rebel forces in eastern Congo as a conflict there escalates.



The Rwandan-backed M23 rebels marched into Goma, the largest city in eastern Congo, on Monday in the worst escalation of a long-running conflict in more than a decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-quotes">KEY QUOTES</h2>



&#8220;The Secretary urged an immediate ceasefire in the region, and for all parties to respect sovereign territorial integrity,&#8221; the State Department said in a statement.



&#8220;Secretary Rubio stressed the United States is deeply troubled by escalation of the ongoing conflict in eastern DRC, particularly the fall of Goma to the Rwandan-backed M23 armed group,&#8221; the State Department said in a statement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-context">CONTEXT</h2>



Congo accused Rwanda of sending its troops over the border, while Rwanda said fighting near the border threatened its security, without directly commenting on whether its troops were in Congo.



U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres spoke to the Congolese and Rwandan presidents on Tuesday over the escalating conflict that has killed several U.N. peacekeepers, a U.N. spokesperson said earlier.



(Reporting by Kanishka Singh in Washington; Editing by Cynthia Osterman)

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Rubio tells Rwandan president US wants ceasefire in Congo

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="5000" height="3333" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/YYERAJUE3JOPHHY65DDUCKZGTE.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-579414"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">World Bank President Ajay Banga speaks at the meeting on methane and non-CO2 greenhouse gases at the United Nations COP29 climate change conference in Baku, Azerbaijan November 12, 2024. REUTERS/Murad Sezer/File Photo</figcaption></figure>



DAR ES SALAAM, Jan 27 (Reuters)&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;Policymakers around the globe should not react in haste to announcements by U.S. President Donald Trump&#8217;s administration, and be prepared to argue their case, World Bank President Ajay Banga told Reuters.



Trump&#8217;s first week in office has seen a flurry of executive orders and policy plans, ranging from tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China to a review on all existing foreign assistance.



&#8220;My only advice to everyone is don&#8217;t be in too much of a hurry to respond or judge,&#8221; Banga told Reuters in an interview on the sidelines of the Mission 300 Africa Energy Summit in Tanzania&#8217;s commercial capital of Dar Es Salaam.



Policymakers should wait to see what policies are actually executed, Banga added.



&#8220;I have dealt with him (Trump) in the past. He is a very practical man, he understands numbers, he understands leverage and he understands advantage. You have to go to him and explain to him what you bring.&#8221;



The U.S. and Colombia pulled back from the brink of a trade war on Sunday after the White House said its third-largest U.S. trading partner in Latin America had agreed to accept military aircraft carrying deported migrants.



Washington&#8217;s draft measures &#8211; now on hold &#8211; had included imposing steep and rising tariffs on all Colombian imports, a travel ban and visa revocations on Colombia government officials.



The World Bank could feel the effects of any travel restrictions.



&#8220;If their visas don&#8217;t work, that&#8217;s a problem,&#8221; said Banga.



Asked about Friday&#8217;s &#8220;stop-work&#8221; order issued by the U.S. State Department on all existing and future foreign assistance, Banga said the Washington-based lender was &#8220;not yet&#8221; affected as it operated differently to bilateral aid.



Asked about return to office plans for World Bank staff, Banga said he had no plans to change the mandate beyond the current four days a week.



&#8220;I expect World Bank employees to be back four days a week&#8230;There&#8217;s no plan to increase that to five.&#8221;



Trump has ordered federal workers to return to the office five days a week.



(Reporting by Duncan Miriri, writing by Karin Strohecker, editing by Christina Fincher)

YYERAJUE3JOPHHY65DDUCKZGTE

World Bank president cautions against hasty reaction to Trump policies

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="461" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/108049870-17292742572024-10-18t103613z_1061388036_rc2xmaa99x9x_rtrmadp_0_russia-brics-putin-growth-820x461.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-545076" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/108049870-17292742572024-10-18t103613z_1061388036_rc2xmaa99x9x_rtrmadp_0_russia-brics-putin-growth-820x461.jpeg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/108049870-17292742572024-10-18t103613z_1061388036_rc2xmaa99x9x_rtrmadp_0_russia-brics-putin-growth-300x169.jpeg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/108049870-17292742572024-10-18t103613z_1061388036_rc2xmaa99x9x_rtrmadp_0_russia-brics-putin-growth-160x90.jpeg 160w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/108049870-17292742572024-10-18t103613z_1061388036_rc2xmaa99x9x_rtrmadp_0_russia-brics-putin-growth-768x432.jpeg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/108049870-17292742572024-10-18t103613z_1061388036_rc2xmaa99x9x_rtrmadp_0_russia-brics-putin-growth-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/108049870-17292742572024-10-18t103613z_1061388036_rc2xmaa99x9x_rtrmadp_0_russia-brics-putin-growth.jpeg 1858w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Russian President Vladimir Putin attends the BRICS Business Forum in Moscow, Russia October 18, 2024.  Alexander Zemlianichenko | Via Reuters</figcaption></figure>



Russia is rolling out the red carpet to its geopolitical allies as it hosts the latest BRICS summit on Tuesday, pushing its agenda to create a “new world order” that challenges the West.



The group was initially comprised of Brazil, Russia, India and China before South Africa joined in 2010, giving the organization of rapidly economically-developing nations its current name. It has since morphed into a geopolitical forum for the world’s most powerful nations outside of the West.



The BRICS now have additional clout after Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates joined the group in January, with membership to the bloc becoming an attractive prospect for countries looking to boost trade, investment and economic development.



Russia has been trying to woo what’s collectively known as the “Global South” — or economically-developing countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America — and contrast to the “Global North” of industrialized nations, traditionally led by the U.S.



Russian President Vladimir Putin frequently comments on his ambition to establish what he calls a “new world order” to rival and usurp the geopolitical and economic pre-eminence enjoyed by the U.S.-led West.



Russia, holder of the rotating BRICS presidency and economically isolated and heavily sanctioned by the West, can also turn to this year’s summit to demonstrate that it still commands respect on the global stage and has powerful allies willing to turn a blind eye to its ongoing war in Ukraine.



Putin has described the beefed-up BRICS group as a “strong indication of the growing authority of the association and its role in international affairs” and signaled on Friday that he intends for the so-called “BRICS +” format to challenge the West on both a geopolitical and economic front.



“The countries in our association are essentially the drivers of global economic growth. In the foreseeable future, BRICS will generate the main increase in global GDP,” Putin told officials and businessmen&nbsp;last Friday&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;BRICS business forum in Moscow,&nbsp;which precedes the group’s summit,&nbsp;in comments translated by Reuters.



“The economic growth of BRICS members will increasingly depend less on external influence or interference. This is essentially economic sovereignty,” Putin added.



Earlier in October, Putin said Moscow was open to using the summit for discussions with its allies on the “the parameters of interaction in the emerging multipolar world, and is open to discussing the issues of building a new world order with all our friends, partners and like-minded people,” he said, according to Russian state-owned news agency Tass.



Putin added that “it is in this spirit that we are preparing the BRICS and Outreach/BRICS Plus summit,” referring to the last day of the three-day summit when officials from almost 40 Asian, African, Middle Eastern and Latin American countries are attending as part of the group’s bid to expand ties with the “Global South.”



The expansion of the BRICS coalition is both significant and performative, one security analyst told CNBC.



“It is indicative of a collective movement away from the West, a demonstration of a fundamental shift within the world order that is seeking to challenge Western economic hegemony,” Callum Fraser,&nbsp;a research fellow in Russian and Eurasian security at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) think tank, told CNBC Monday.



Fraser added that it was “still unclear to what degree BRICS+ will be able to challenge the Western-dominated G7, or even to what degree they are able to align their visions of the international system.”



“Currently, the main glue that holds them together is the aspiration to achieve the same quality of life as in the West that they feel unable to achieve through cooperation with the West. Ultimately, BRICS+ is only anti-West in that it operates as an alternative institution. This means that it still remains to be seen what BRICS+ will provide for its member states, but increased cooperation among its members is extremely likely,” he said.



Russia’s chairing of the summit would be “utilized to maximum effect to demonstrate Russia’s strong position within this emerging order,” Fraser added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-leaders-attending"><a></a>Global leaders attending</h2>



The 16th BRICS summit is taking place under the theme of “strengthening multilateralism for&nbsp;just global development and&nbsp;security,” with the Kremlin stating that BRICS leaders will exchange views on&nbsp;“pressing issues on&nbsp;the&nbsp;global and&nbsp;regional agenda,” as well as on “the&nbsp;three main pillars of&nbsp;cooperation identified by&nbsp;the&nbsp;Russian chairmanship: politics and&nbsp;security, the&nbsp;economy and&nbsp;finance, and&nbsp;cultural and&nbsp;humanitarian ties.”



The Kremlin added that the possible expansion of the BRICS group through the establishment of a new category of “partner states” would also be discussed.



It’s unclear whether the elephant in the room — Russia’s ongoing war with Ukraine — will be acknowledged at the summit. Kremlin Spokesman Dmitry Peskov told the Izvestia newspaper that the conflict in Ukraine was not on the agenda, but he insisted that participants could “raise this issue at their discretion,” according to a Google translation.



The Kremlin appears eager to avoid mention of what it calls its “special military operation” in Ukraine, stating that the BRICS+ discussions would concern&nbsp;“pressing international issues, with a&nbsp;particular focus on&nbsp;the&nbsp;escalating situation in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Middle East and&nbsp;interactions between the&nbsp;BRICS countries and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Global South in&nbsp;the&nbsp;interests of&nbsp;sustainable development.”



Putin is set to hold meetings with various leaders in attendance, including India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi, China’s President Xi Jinping, Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres.



It’s also expected that Putin and his Iranian counterpart Masoud Pezeshkian&nbsp;could sign a “Comprehensive Strategic Partnership’ agreement” at the summit that could signal their commitment to deepening military and defense cooperation. following several years of exchanging military and technical support amid the war in Ukraine.



Meetings with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi are also slated to take place this week, according to comments from Yury Ushakov, Putin’s foreign policy aide. Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva cancelled his trip to Russia after injuring his head in an accident at his home last weekend.



Saudi Arabia, which has been invited to join the BRICS&nbsp;group but has not yet formally acceeded, is also participating in the latest summit in the southwestern Russian city of Kazan. Argentina decided in 2023 not to join the group, citing a change in foreign policy.

108049870-17292742572024-10-18t103613z_1061388036_rc2xmaa99x9x_rtrmadp_0_russia-brics-putin-growth

Russia pushes ‘new world order’ agenda as it hosts beefed-up BRICS summit

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="548" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/7BCG6QNXMJLJZG2Q5Z4UAZGMHE-820x548.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-529650" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/7BCG6QNXMJLJZG2Q5Z4UAZGMHE-820x548.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/7BCG6QNXMJLJZG2Q5Z4UAZGMHE-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/7BCG6QNXMJLJZG2Q5Z4UAZGMHE-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/7BCG6QNXMJLJZG2Q5Z4UAZGMHE-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/7BCG6QNXMJLJZG2Q5Z4UAZGMHE-1536x1026.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/7BCG6QNXMJLJZG2Q5Z4UAZGMHE-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">FILE PHOTO: U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Linda Thomas-Greenfield attends a United Nations Security Council meeting about the Israel-Hamas conflict in Gaza, at the U.N. headquarters in New York City, U.S., September 4, 2024. REUTERS/David &#8216;Dee&#8217; Delgado/File Photo</figcaption></figure>



UNITED NATIONS, Sept 12 (Reuters)&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;The United States supports creating two permanent United Nations Security Council seats for African states and one seat to be rotated among small island developing states, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Linda Thomas-Greenfield will announce on Thursday.



The move comes as the U.S. seeks to repair ties with Africa, where many are unhappy about Washington&#8217;s support for Israel&#8217;s war in Gaza, and deepen relations with Pacific Islands nations important to countering Chinese influence in the region.



Thomas-Greenfield told Reuters she hopes the announcement will &#8220;move this agenda forward in a way that we can achieve Security Council reform at some point in the future,&#8221; describing it as part of U.S. President Joe Biden&#8217;s legacy.



The push for two permanent African seats and a rotating seat for small island developing states is in addition to Washington&#8217;s long-held support for India, Japan and Germany to also get permanent seats on the council.



Developing nations have long demanded permanent seats on the Security Council, the most powerful body in the United Nations. But years of talks on reform have proved fruitless and it is unclear whether U.S. support could fuel action.



Ahead of making the announcement at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York on Thursday, Thomas-Greenfield clarified to Reuters that Washington does not support expanding veto power beyond the five countries that hold it.



The Security Council is charged with maintaining international peace and security and has the power to impose sanctions and arms embargos and authorize the use of force.



When the U.N. was founded in 1945, the Security Council had 11 members. This increased in 1965 to 15 members, made up of 10 elected states serving two-year terms and five permanent veto-wielding nations: Russia, China, France, the U.S. and Britain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legitimacy-problem">LEGITIMACY PROBLEM</h2>



U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres backs Security Council reform.



&#8220;You have a Security Council that corresponds exactly to the situation after the Second World War &#8230; that has a problem of legitimacy, and that has a problem of effectiveness, and it needs to be reformed,&#8221; Guterres told Reuters on Wednesday.



Any changes to the Security Council membership is done by amending the founding U.N. Charter. This needs the approval and ratification by two-thirds of the General Assembly, including the Security Council&#8217;s current five veto powers.



The 193-member U.N. General Assembly has annually discussed reform of the Security Council for more than a decade. But momentum has grown in recent years as geopolitical rivalries have deadlocked the council on several issues, particularly after permanent veto-wielding member Russia invaded Ukraine.



&#8220;Much of the conversation around Security Council reform has been just that: a conversation,&#8221; Thomas-Greenfield will say on Thursday, according to prepared remarks reviewed by Reuters of her announcement that Washington supports moving to negotiations on a draft text to amend the U.N. Charter to expand the council.



Thomas-Greenfield told Reuters she could not say how long it might take to get the General Assembly to vote on such a resolution.



Each year the General Assembly elects five new members from different geographical groups for two-year terms on the Security Council. Africa currently has three seats rotated among states.



&#8220;The problem is, these non-permanent seats don&#8217;t enable African countries to deliver the full benefit of their knowledge and voices to the work of the council &#8230; to consistently lead on the challenges that affect all of us &#8211; and disproportionately affect Africans,&#8221; Thomas-Greenfield will say.



She will also say that small island developing states deserve a rotating elected seat because they offer &#8220;critical insights on a range of international peace and security issues: including, notably, the impact of climate change.&#8221;



(Reporting by Michelle Nichols; Editing by Don Durfee and Tom Hogue)

FILE PHOTO: UN Security Council meeting in New York

US supports two permanent UN Security Council seats for Africa

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="570" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2T3ATFNZVRN27LLBDMQ2WMTFI4-820x570.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-512563" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2T3ATFNZVRN27LLBDMQ2WMTFI4-820x570.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2T3ATFNZVRN27LLBDMQ2WMTFI4-300x209.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2T3ATFNZVRN27LLBDMQ2WMTFI4-129x90.jpg 129w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2T3ATFNZVRN27LLBDMQ2WMTFI4-768x534.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2T3ATFNZVRN27LLBDMQ2WMTFI4-1536x1068.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2T3ATFNZVRN27LLBDMQ2WMTFI4-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">South Africa&#8217;s former President Jacob Zuma, leader of the uMkhonto we Sizwe party, arrives to give an address on current political developments post-elections, in Sandton, South Africa, June 16, 2024. REUTERS/Siphiwe Sibeko</figcaption></figure>



JOHANNESBURG, July 29 (Reuters) &#8211; Former South African president Jacob Zuma has been expelled from the African National Congress after backing a rival party in May&#8217;s parliamentary election, the ANC said on Monday.



Zuma was suspended from&nbsp;his long-time party&nbsp;in January after announcing he would&nbsp;support the&nbsp;new uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in the general election.&nbsp;He later became the leader and face of MK.



MK did better than expected in the poll and won about 15% of the vote, a major factor in the ANC&#8217;s loss of its majority for the first time since the apartheid era.



&#8220;Former President Jacob Zuma has actively impugned the integrity of the ANC and campaigned to dislodge the ANC from power, while claiming that he had not severed his membership,&#8221; ANC Secretary General Fikile Mbalula told the media.



&#8220;This conduct is irreconcilable with the spirit of organisational discipline and letter of the ANC Constitution.&#8221;



The ANC won 40.18% of the vote in the election, down from 57.50% it gathered in 2019, forcing it into a coalition government for the first time since it took power at the end of white minority rule in 1994. MK is now the official opposition.



MK responded to media reports that Zuma had been expelled in a statement earlier on Monday, criticizing the ANC&#8217;s process and condemning &#8220;grave injustices&#8221; against Zuma.



&#8220;President Zuma will engage his legal team to urgently determine the course of action,&#8221; it said.



Zuma will have 21 days to appeal the decision, the ANC said.



Zuma, whose nine years in office from 2009 were marked by corruption scandals and sluggish economic growth, has been at odds with the ANC&#8217;s leadership since he was forced to quit as party leader in 2018. He has repeatedly lashed out against his successor, President Cyril Ramaphosa.



(Reporting by Bhargav Acharya; Writing by Tannur Anders; Editing by Nellie Peyton and Peter Graff)

South Africa’s former President Zuma briefs media on political developments

South Africa’s ANC expels former president Zuma after election betrayal

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="547" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GettyImages-2162833993-820x547.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-510532" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GettyImages-2162833993-820x547.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GettyImages-2162833993-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GettyImages-2162833993-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GettyImages-2162833993-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GettyImages-2162833993-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GettyImages-2162833993-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN &#8211; JULY 20: Republican presidential nominee, former U.S. President Donald Trump walks offstage after speaking at a campaign rally at the Van Andel Arena on July 20, 2024 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Trump&#8217;s campaign event is the first joint event with his recent vice presidential pick Sen. J.D. Vance (R-OH) and the first campaign rally since the attempted assassination attempt his rally in Butler, Pennsylvania. (Photo by Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure>



Former President Donald Trump would likely take his trade war and economic decoupling policies to new levels if he were elected to a second term in the White House, experts told CNBC.



While Joe Biden also placed strategic competition with China at the forefront of his economic policy, economists and trade experts largely expect Trump would further cut and destabilize trade relations between the world’s two largest economies.



“A Trump victory is highly likely to increase trade and economic hostilities between the U.S. and China, ramping up the trade and financial decoupling between the two countries,” said Eswar Prasad, an economics professor at Cornell University.



Trump is widely expected to face incumbent Vice President Kamala Harris after Biden bowed out of the race and endorsed her. According to Prasad and other experts, Harris’ approach to China would likely be similar to that of Biden.



While Trump and Biden both took a protectionist stance, their strategies and tactics differed greatly, explained Prasad, who previously served as head of the International Monetary Fund’s China and financial studies divisions.



“Trump relied on tariffs to keep out imports from China. Biden — while keeping those tariffs in place and even increasing tariffs on certain imports — has focused more on restricting China’s access to technology transfers and computer chips,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tariff-man"><a></a>‘Tariff man’</h2>



Trump’s biggest diversion from Biden-era trade policy would likely be tariffs levied on China.



The self-proclaimed “tariff man” set off a trade war with Beijing during his first term. He placed a series of duties on $250 billion of Chinese imports, disregarding warnings the levies would raise prices and hurt consumers. 



After defeating Trump in 2020, Biden retained his predecessor’s tariffs and even added his own, announcing stiff new duties on about $18 billion worth of Chinese imports, including electric vehicles, solar cells, lithium batteries, steel and aluminum. 



Experts told CNBC they expect Harris to largely continue Biden’s tariff policy. Trump, on the other hand, has already proposed increasing rates on Chinese imports by at least 60%. 



“I certainly don’t know if Trump is willing to pursue such extreme measures, but I do believe that he’s likely to increase tariffs to some degree during a second term,” said Stephen Weymouth, a professor of international political economy at Georgetown University.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Economist Stephen Roach said Trump raising tariffs in a second term would be the “functional equivalent of the nuclear option” in international economic conflict.&nbsp;



William Reinsch, Scholl chair in international business at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said the tariffs risk another trade war that would end most goods exchange between the two countries at an “enormous economic cost.”



Even if Trump’s aim is not a full decoupling but forcing Beijing into negotiating a more favorable trade deal, Reinsch said there’s little reason to believe that would work.



The Trump administration reached a “phase one trade deal” with China in 2019, but few terms were honored and subsequent phases never materialized.



Some commentators said Trump picking JD Vance as his running mate further signals the Republican is serious about his tariff plans. The senator from Ohio has been a staunch supporter of tariffs on China, identifying the country as the biggest threat facing the U.S. 



“If I was a China policy maker, this selection would have me shaking in my boots,” said Arthur Dong, professor of strategy and economics at Georgetown.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a></a>Tech war</h2>



In contrast, the Biden-Harris administration’s key policies focused on limiting China’s access to technology transfers and directing domestic subsidies to develop high-tech industries and supply chains in the U.S.



The administration dramatically expanded the list of technologies and Chinese companies subject to U.S. export controls in efforts to cut support to critical tech industries in China, such as advanced semiconductors. The Trump administration had enacted some similar controls.



The Biden administration also announced rules limiting U.S. investment in Chinese firms developing sensitive technologies, citing national security concerns.



In perhaps Biden’s biggest move, the administration signed the CHIPS and Science Act in August 2022, putting aside almost $53 billion to invest in domestic semiconductor manufacturing and research to boost U.S. competitiveness with China.



Chris Miller, author of “Chip War,” noted export controls and the CHIPS Act were passed with bipartisan support in Washington, and thus, such policies are likely to remain a priority regardless of what happens in November.&nbsp;



“I expect that the U.S. will ratchet up restrictions a notch or two regardless of who wins the election,” Miller said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a></a>Diplomacy&nbsp;</h2>



A second term for Trump would also impact U.S. diplomacy and dialogue with Beijing beyond trade matters, said Rorry Daniels,&nbsp;managing director of the Asia Society Policy Institute.



She said channels for the two countries to discuss policy issues decreased significantly during the Trump administration, whereas the Biden administration emphasized its diplomatic engagement efforts.



The current administration has also sought greater coordination with “likeminded partners,” such as lobbying Japan and the Netherlands to cooperate on semiconductor restrictions. 



“That’s both helped minimize the blowback of his trade policy actions, while in many ways also making them more effective,” said Nick Marro, lead analyst for global trade with the Economist Intelligence Unit, adding he expects any future Democratic administration to retain this multilateral approach.&nbsp;



On the other hand, he said Trump opts for a more “go-it-alone” approach, allowing for a more rapid adoption of U.S. measures on China.



While the Biden-Harris administration’s “more measured and cautious” approach to China trade and diplomacy has done more to stabilize the relationship, Marro said he doubts Beijing is excited about either candidate.



“There’s this feeling that, regardless of&nbsp;which party&nbsp;sits in the White House,&nbsp;US-China relations will remain on a crash-course throughout the remainder of this decade.”



— CNBC’s Zenith Wong contributed to this report

Donald Trump And J.D. Vance Hold First Joint Campaign Rally After The RNC

Trump 2.0 could go ‘nuclear’ on China trade, while economists say Harris would remain tough

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1332" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/CH74466FLFPLDMIKLENAOZO5UY-scaled.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-423884" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/CH74466FLFPLDMIKLENAOZO5UY-scaled.jpg 2048w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/CH74466FLFPLDMIKLENAOZO5UY-300x195.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/CH74466FLFPLDMIKLENAOZO5UY-820x533.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/CH74466FLFPLDMIKLENAOZO5UY-138x90.jpg 138w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/CH74466FLFPLDMIKLENAOZO5UY-768x500.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/CH74466FLFPLDMIKLENAOZO5UY-1536x999.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">FILE PHOTO: U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris speaks in Munich, Germany February 18, 2023. REUTERS/Wolfgang Rattay//File Photo</figcaption></figure>



Washington and the world are still reeling from President Joe Biden’s surprise announcement on Sunday that he is ending his teetering re-election campaign.



But Biden’s swift endorsement of Vice President Kamala Harris to replace him at the top of the Democratic ticket is energizing Democrats and breathing new life into their campaign to defeat former President Donald Trump and his running mate, Ohio Sen. JD Vance.



The “Biden for President” campaign committee has officially been renamed the Harris for President committee, maintaining the Biden team’s infrastructure, staff and — crucially — its $98 million in cash reserves.



Democrats excited about a new ticket have donated tens of millions of dollars online to the Harris for President campaign.



Now, speculation swirls about who the former California senator could choose for a potential running mate, if she becomes the party’s nominee. Several Democratic governors are early favorites, with strategists eyeing Josh Shapiro of Pennsylvania, Roy Cooper of North Carolina and Kentucky Gov. Andy Beshear.



Republicans are meanwhile scrambling to retool a Trump campaign that was built to defeat Joe Biden into one capable of defeating a very different candidate.



Both parties want to know what happened to make it possible for a would-be assassin to shoot at Trump while he was on stage at a rally in Butler Pa. on July 13. Trump survived the attempt, but one of his supporters in the audience was killed.



This is a developing story&#8230;

FILE PHOTO: Vice President Kamala Harris

Democrats rally behind Kamala Harris after Biden drops out; running-mate speculation swirls

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1424" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CQH2GCFS7VKHNNUO4RF6ABAM54-scaled.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-417906" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CQH2GCFS7VKHNNUO4RF6ABAM54-scaled.jpg 2048w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CQH2GCFS7VKHNNUO4RF6ABAM54-300x209.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CQH2GCFS7VKHNNUO4RF6ABAM54-820x570.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CQH2GCFS7VKHNNUO4RF6ABAM54-129x90.jpg 129w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CQH2GCFS7VKHNNUO4RF6ABAM54-768x534.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CQH2GCFS7VKHNNUO4RF6ABAM54-1536x1068.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">FILE PHOTO: U.S. President Joe Biden speaks as he attends the signing into law of the Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 2022, which will level the playing field for American exporters and importers, including farmers, and reduce costs for American consumers by lowering the cost of ocean shipping, at the White House in Washington, U.S., June 16, 2022. REUTERS/Evelyn Hockstein</figcaption></figure>



President&nbsp;Joe Biden&nbsp;on Sunday&nbsp;dropped out&nbsp;of the&nbsp;2024 presidential race&nbsp;and endorsed Vice President&nbsp;Kamala Harris&nbsp;as the Democratic Party’s nominee, bowing to weeks of growing pressure by his own party members to quit his re-election bid against former President&nbsp;Donald Trump.



“It has been the greatest honor of my life to serve as your President,” Biden wrote in a post on the social media site X.



“And while it has been my intention to seek reelection, I believe it is in the best interest of my party and the country for me to stand down and to focus solely on fulfilling my duties as President for the remainder of my term,” Biden wrote.



“I will speak to the Nation later this week in more detail about my decision,” wrote Biden, whose bombshell decision came after a sharp spike in recent days in the number of congressional Democrats publicly calling for him to step aside for another nominee.



Biden in a subsequent tweet wrote that his “very first decision as the party nominee in 2020 was to pick Kamala Harris as my Vice President.”



“And it’s been the best decision I’ve made. Today I want to offer my full support and endorsement for Kamala to be the nominee of our party this year. Democrats — it’s time to come together and beat Trump,” Biden wrote.



“Let’s do this.”



Harris in a statement said, “I am honored to have the President’s endorsement and my intention is to earn and win this nomination.”



Former President Bill Clinton and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, in a joint statement from the Democratic power couple, said, “We are honored to join the President in endorsing Vice President Harris and will do whatever we can to support her.”



Biden, who has been isolated at his Rehoboth, Delaware, beach home after being diagnosed with Covid-19, and Harris spoke on Sunday before he announced he would drop out of the election race.



NBC News reported that Biden at 1:45 p.m. ET Sunday told his senior campaign team that he had changed his mind about remaining in the contest.



On Sunday evening, on a campaign staff call, Biden campaign co-chair Jen O’Malley Dillon called for staff to rally behind their new candidate and said that their jobs would safely transfer to the Harris campaign, three sources familiar with the call told NBC News.



She also acknowledged the emotional weight of the moment: “It is ok to grieve, it is ok to be unsure but also be optimistic about our path forward.”



Trump in a phone interview with NBC News said of Biden’s decision, “He should never have been there in the first place.”



“He should have stayed in his basement,” said Trump, who was formally nominated as the Republican Party’s candidate last week, days after narrowly avoiding being killed in an assassination attempt at a Pennsylvania campaign rally on July 13.



Democratic National Committee Jamie Harrison in a statement said, “In the coming days, the Party will undertake a transparent and orderly process to move forward as a united Democratic Party with a candidate who can defeat Donald Trump in November.”



“This process will be governed by established rules and procedures of the Party. Our delegates are prepared to take seriously their responsibility in swiftly delivering a candidate to the American people,” Harrison said.



Biden’s move echoes the decision by another Democratic incumbent, President Lyndon Johnson, to drop out of the 1968 election as he faced turmoil over the Vietnam War, low approval ratings, and a surprisingly strong performance by Sen. Eugene McCarthy in the New Hampshire primary.



Biden’s campaign for weeks had insisted he would remain in the race, despite growing concern since his disastrous debate with Trump in late June that he was too old and frail to compete against the former president and serve a full second term if re-elected.



As of Sunday, nearly 40 Democratic members of Congress had urged Biden to drop out. Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia, who recently switched his political affiliation from Democrat to independent, earlier Sunday publicly said Biden should quit the race.



Rep. Nancy Pelosi, the California Democrat who previously served as speaker of the House of Representatives, in a tweet Sunday wrote, “President Joe Biden is a patriotic American who has always put our country first.”



“His legacy of vision, values and leadership make him one of the most consequential Presidents in American history,” Pelosi wrote. “With love and gratitude to President Biden for always believing in the promise of America and giving people the opportunity to reach their fulfillment. God blessed America with Joe Biden’s greatness and goodness.



Biden’s decision to drop out blows open the presidential race less than four months before Election Day.



It also poses extraordinary questions and challenges for the Democratic party, which now must scramble to assemble a new presidential ticket.



The next candidate will need to compete against the Republican ticket of Trump and Sen. JD Vance, win over donors, delegates and other allies who were loyal to the incumbent — all while convincing voters of their own worthiness for the nation’s highest office.



Biden’s campaign did not immediately respond to a request for comment.



Biden started to hemorrhage support from his own party and allies after his June 27 debate against Trump.



While he is only three years older than Trump, Biden looked and sounded significantly worse on the debate stage. He displayed a stiff posture and sometimes vacant-looking gaze, and he frequently gave answers that were raspy, unclear and ineffective.



In both substance and appearance, Biden contrasted sharply with Trump, who looked and sounded the same as he has in recent years.



The debate instantly set off a crisis among Democrats. Even before it ended, party operatives were raising doubts about whether Biden could effectively campaign against Trump.



High-profile Democratic donors and backers openly urged Biden to drop out, with some vowing to&nbsp;withhold campaign contributions&nbsp;in the meantime.



Biden and his aides spent weeks trying to stanch the bleeding.



In his first post-debate interview, Biden said he was convinced that he is the best person to take on Trump, adding that he could only be persuaded to step down “if the Lord Almighty comes out and tells me that.”



But as his resolute posture failed to quell the&nbsp;unrest in his party, Biden suggested he could be moved to withdraw in other ways.



In a BET interview that aired Wednesday during the Republican National Convention, Biden said he might reconsider his decision to stay in the race “if I had some&nbsp;medical condition that emerged.”



On the same day that interview was set for broadcast, Biden&nbsp;tested positive for Covid. He canceled a scheduled appearance in Las Vegas and returned his beach house in Delaware.



Biden is already the oldest person ever to serve in the White House.



He would have been 86 at the end of a second term. He had&nbsp;weathered questions&nbsp;about his physical and mental fitness even during his 2020 run.



Those concerns grew in the 2024 cycle, but they were aggressively batted down by Biden’s campaign and White House aides, and the president’s relative lack of press conferences and interviews may have shielded scrutiny about his acuity.

U.S. President Joe Biden signs into law the Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 2022

Biden drops out of 2024 presidential election, endorses Kamala Harris as Democratic nominee

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="547" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/HIIJDZFCB5P35MGUWBAGP3Y76E-820x547.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-505670" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/HIIJDZFCB5P35MGUWBAGP3Y76E-820x547.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/HIIJDZFCB5P35MGUWBAGP3Y76E-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/HIIJDZFCB5P35MGUWBAGP3Y76E-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/HIIJDZFCB5P35MGUWBAGP3Y76E-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/HIIJDZFCB5P35MGUWBAGP3Y76E-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/HIIJDZFCB5P35MGUWBAGP3Y76E-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A person casts a ballot in the second round of the early French parliamentary elections, at a polling station in Paris, France, July 7, 2024. REUTERS/Sarah Meyssonnier</figcaption></figure>



July 9 (Reuters)&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;Elections are taking place this year in countries home to almost half of the world&#8217;s population, from Taiwan&#8217;s general election in January to the U.S. presidential race in November.



The votes come amid growing economic and geopolitical strife, with the Ukraine war, conflicts in the Middle East and rising trade tensions between the United States and China, the world&#8217;s two largest economies.



In some countries, there are concerns about the resilience of democracy itself as political discourse has polarized or been warped by disinformation. Many of this year&#8217;s elections will not be free and fair &#8211; or their results will be disputed.



Half-way through the biggest year for elections in history, here are some common themes that have emerged in Reuters&#8217; reporting from around the world:



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cost-of-living">COST OF LIVING</h2>



From the price of green onions in Indonesia to higher fuel bills across Europe, rises in the price of food, energy and other basics have hit the living standards of households across the world. Incumbent governments and leaders are paying for it.



Polling showed that cost of living concerns were a powerful factor in a fall in support for Prime Minister Narendra Modi&#8217;s party in India, losses suffered by mainstream parties in June&#8217;s European Parliament elections and the poll rout of Britain&#8217;s ruling Conservatives.



In Africa, discontent over living standards and unemployment contributed to the ANC&#8217;s loss of its majority in South Africa&#8217;s election. Worsening poverty is likely to help shape the outcome of Ghana&#8217;s December vote to succeed President Nana Akufo-Addo.



Polling ahead of the U.S. election suggests voters are similarly unimpressed with President Joe Biden&#8217;s efforts to improve their livelihoods, with many Americans feeling their living standards are falling despite strong headline economic data. One outlier: In Mexico, the ruling MORENA party emerged the winner after offering ample subsidies to low-income voters.



While economic policymakers say there are signs that inflation is returning to normal, they warn it has not yet been fully tamed and many economies remain fragile.



&#8220;A number of pressure points could throw the global economy off track,&#8221; Agustin Carstens, head of the central bank umbrella group the Bank of International Settlements (BIS), warned in June.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-transition">GREEN TRANSITION</h2>



With the cost of living uppermost in many voters&#8217; minds, climate change action has often been crowded out of election campaigns &#8211; even as global temperatures break new records and death tolls from extreme heat climb.



While surveys show Europeans still support ambitious action on global warming, the debate there has focused on the perceived cost to livelihoods, with farming and other lobbies stepping up calls for an easing of net-zero policies.



In the EU elections, ecologist Greens shed most of the gains made five years earlier. In Britain, Labour dropped a 28-billion-pound green investment pledge ahead of the July 4 general election, saying the country could not afford it, while their Conservative rivals described themselves as &#8220;on the side of drivers&#8221;, attacking low-traffic and low-emission schemes.



The biggest challenge to the green transition may come from the United States, with Donald Trump campaigning on policies supporting continued fossil fuel use. It remains to be seen how much of Biden&#8217;s Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) green subsidies stay in place in the event of a Trump victory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-swing-to-the-far-right">SWING TO THE (FAR)RIGHT?</h2>



The cost of living crisis has led to rising support for far-right movement&nbsp;in Western countries&nbsp;with a mix of anti-immigration and nationalist policies, often unfunded economic spending plans and populist rhetoric attacking global elites.



Back in March, Portugal&#8217;s Chega party quadrupled its seats in parliament to become the country&#8217;s third-largest party. Three months later, its far-right, eurosceptic peers across Europe made gains in elections to the European Parliament.



In France, Marine Le Pen&#8217;s National Rally failed in elections on Sunday to achieve the majority they were coveting but became the largest single party in a hung parliament that now risks plunging Europe&#8217;s second-largest economy into policy paralyis.



In Britain, the anti-immigrant, nationalist Reform Party won over four million votes, contributing to the collapse in support for the ruling Conservatives even if Britain&#8217;s first-past-the-post electoral system meant it only won a handful of seats.



Austria&#8217;s Sept. 29 election will be closely watched, with polls showing the far-right Freedom Party (FPO) leading rivals after it ranked first in European Parliament elections.



In the United States, Trump has made immigration one of his top domestic campaign issues, declaring he would carry out mass deportations, end birthright citizenship, and expand a travel ban on people from certain countries.



Mohit Kumar, chief economist for investment house Jefferies, noted that immigration as an election theme was hottest in precisely the large Western economies whose ageing populations were creating labour shortages.



&#8220;Economically we need immigration but the political dynamics are shifting away from immigration,&#8221; he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debt-and-election-largesse">DEBT AND ELECTION LARGESSE</h2>



With economic hardship so prevalent, many politicians are offering to spend big and cut taxes in a bid to win power &#8211; at the risk of adding to global debt already at record levels after huge post-pandemic stimulus packages in rich-world economies.



Credit rating firm S&amp;P Global has warned the United States, France and other Group of Seven (G7) governments were unlikely to halt rises in their debt &#8220;at the present stage in their electoral cycles&#8221;.



The BIS annual report in June said an election year like this brought an &#8220;especially high&#8221; risk of fiscal expansion that could complicate efforts to bring inflation down to target.



Budget watchdogs in Britain and France &#8211; two countries struggling to balance their budgets &#8211; noted that many spending pledges were either unfunded or unrealistically costed.



Trump has pledged to keep in place a broad 2017 tax cut that he signed while in office, and his economic team has discussed a further round of cuts beyond those enacted in his first term.



Biden, meanwhile, proposes raising levies on businesses and rich individuals, while vowing not to increase taxes for households earning less than $400,000 a year and to assist low- and middle-income Americans with childcare costs. U.S. federal government currently has more than $34 trillion in debt.



Such levels of debt are seen making the global economy more vulnerable to financial shocks and the International Monetary Fund has urged governments to reduce their borrowing.



&#8220;Unfortunately, fiscal plans so far are insufficient and could be derailed further given the record number of elections this year,&#8221; its chief economist Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas said in a recent blog.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defence-and-security">DEFENCE AND SECURITY</h2>



As geopolitical tensions rise, defence and security matters have been prominent in a number of election campaigns so far this year &#8211; particularly in countries near the hotspots.



In February, Finland elected as president Alexander Stubb, who campaigned on the previously non-aligned country fully participating in NATO and allowing the transit of nuclear arms through it. Incumbents in Lithuania won an election dominated by concerns over Russia and calls for higher defence spending.



Taiwan&#8217;s presidential and parliamentary elections on Jan. 13 focused around arguments on how best to deal with China, which views the island as its own territory. The ruling DPP party secured the presidency for a third term as its candidate vowed to safeguard Taiwan from intimidation while emphasising the need for dialogue with Beijing.



In the United States, Democratic voters&#8217; anger over Israel&#8217;s military action in Gaza &#8211; and over Biden&#8217;s continued support of Israel – has emerged as a major vulnerability for him. American views on the conflict have broken down along party lines with Republicans largely supporting Israel.



While Biden voices unwavering support for NATO, Trump has said that if he is returned to the White House, America would fundamentally rethink NATO&#8217;s purpose. He has also asserted without evidence that if elected he would end the conflict in Ukraine before even taking office. On that, Biden has retorted that Trump has &#8220;no idea what he&#8217;s talking about&#8221;.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-democracy-at-stake">DEMOCRACY AT STAKE?</h2>



Pro-democracy watchdogs estimate that nearly three-quarters of the world&#8217;s population live in autocracies. Observers and human rights groups have signalled concerns about the fairness of elections this year in Bangladesh, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Cambodia, Iran and Russia. Votes in Algeria and Uzbekistan face similar questions.



Modi&#8217;s electoral setback has been hailed by some commentators as proof of the resilience of its democracy. There was relief at the peaceful handover of power in Senegal in March after moves by the incumbent to delay the vote triggered protests.



Democracy&#8217;s biggest test this year may, however, be in Washington.



Trump refuses to commit to accepting the election results or to rule out possible violence around the Nov. 5 contest. He is already laying the groundwork to contest a potential defeat.



&#8220;We should be quite worried,&#8221; Steven Levitsky, political scientist and professor of government at Harvard University, told a Brookings think tank event in June.



&#8220;A democracy cannot survive if one party in a two-party system is not committed to playing by the democratic rules of the game.&#8221;



(Graphics by Sumanta Sen and Anand Katakam; Editing by Simon Robinson and Daniel Flynn)

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